Rest Up, Retrain, and OIF IV: 2004 - 2006
Following Operation Iraqi Freedom I (OIF I), which concluded in early 2004, the 1st Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment (1-327) of the 101st Airborne Division returned to Fort Campbell, Kentucky. The battalion's performance during OIF I had earned it the Valorous Unit Award, recognizing its extraordinary heroism in combat operations.
After a period of reset and retraining at Fort Campbell, 1-327 deployed again in late 2005 as part of OIF II. The battalion was stationed at Forward Operating Base (FOB) McHenry near Hawijah, Iraq, an area that would soon become notorious for its extreme violence and insurgent activity.
Hawijah, located about 30 miles southwest of Kirkuk, was considered one of the most dangerous areas in Iraq during this period. The city and its surrounding areas were populated almost exclusively by Sunni Arabs, many of whom had enjoyed a favored status under Saddam Hussein's regime and were now resentful of the new power dynamics in post-invasion Iraq.
FOB McHenry, situated about two miles southeast of Hawijah's center, became the home base for 1-327. The FOB was positioned in an expanse of agricultural land, which provided some defensive advantages but also meant that any movement outside the base immediately exposed soldiers to potential threats.
The 1-327 faced an incredibly hostile environment from the moment they arrived. The frequency of enemy engagements was alarmingly high, with reports indicating that the battalion was involved in multiple combat incidents daily. These included not only improvised explosive device (IED) attacks but also small arms fire, mortar attacks, and rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) assaults.
Soldiers from 1-327 reported encountering an average of 3-5 IEDs per day. This constant threat made routine patrols and movements extremely hazardous, requiring heightened vigilance at all times. The intensity of insurgent activity in Hawijah was such that whenever U.S. forces left FOB McHenry, they drove directly into the teeth of an angry and violent insurgency.
The volatility of the area was further evidenced by the fact that FOB McHenry itself was a frequent target of insurgent attacks. Mortar rounds and rockets were often fired at the base, with some landing dangerously close to key facilities. This constant threat meant that even when not on patrol, the soldiers of 1-327 had to remain vigilant and ready to respond to attacks on their home base.
The severity of the situation in Hawijah was such that it gained notoriety even among high-ranking military officials. General David Petraeus, who would later become the commander of all coalition forces in Iraq, once remarked that Hawijah remained a "shit hole" even as other parts of Iraq were showing progress.
The challenges faced by 1-327 in Hawijah were not limited to combat operations. The battalion also had to navigate complex tribal dynamics, sectarian tensions, and a population that was often hostile or indifferent to their presence. Despite these obstacles, the soldiers of 1-327 continued to carry out their missions with professionalism and dedication.
The high operational tempo and constant threat of attack took a toll on the unit. Over the course of their deployment, 1-327 suffered numerous casualties, both killed and wounded. These losses served as a stark reminder of the dangers faced by the battalion in this volatile region of Iraq.
Despite the extreme challenges and constant violence, 1-327 persevered in their mission to bring stability to Hawijah and train Iraqi security forces. The battalion conducted numerous operations to counter insurgent activities and maintain stability in the region, including targeted raids against suspected insurgent hideouts, establishing and manning checkpoints, and conducting patrols to maintain a visible presence and gather intelligence.
One of the key initiatives undertaken by 1-327 was the training of Iraqi Army units. The battalion worked closely with elements of the 2nd Brigade, 4th Iraqi Army Division, conducting joint operations and providing mentorship to improve their capabilities. This effort was seen as crucial for the long-term stability of the region.
By September 2006, while the situation in Hawijah remained challenging, 1-327 had made some progress in their mission. The battalion had conducted numerous successful operations, disrupted insurgent networks, and made strides in training and equipping Iraqi security forces. However, the area remained one of the most volatile in Iraq, a testament to the difficult and dangerous conditions faced by the soldiers of 1-327 throughout their deployment.
The experiences of 1-327 in Hawijah from late 2005 to September 2006 exemplified the challenges faced by U.S. forces during this phase of the Iraq War. The battalion's ability to operate effectively in such a hostile environment, maintaining their mission focus despite the constant threats and losses, demonstrated the resilience and professionalism of the unit. Their time in Hawijah would come to be seen as one of the most intense and challenging periods in the battalion's recent history.
OIF I: The Invasion of Iraq
In early 2003, the 1st Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment (1-327) of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) deployed to Kuwait as part of the buildup for Operation Iraqi Freedom. The battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Edmund "Pete" Palekas, was part of the 1st Brigade Combat Team commanded by Colonel Ben Hodges.
As the ground invasion of Iraq began on March 20, 2003, the 1-327 participated in a massive air assault operation into southern Iraq. The battalion's mission was to secure key objectives and clear the way for follow-on forces. During the initial phase of the operation, 1-327 encountered varying levels of resistance from both regular Iraqi Army units and Fedayeen Saddam fighters.
The 1-327 fought its way north through several major Iraqi cities, including An Najaf, Al Kufa, and Karbala. In each of these engagements, the battalion demonstrated its ability to rapidly deploy and engage enemy forces in urban environments, leveraging its air assault capabilities to outmaneuver and overwhelm the opposition.
One of the most significant actions for 1-327 during the invasion phase was its participation in the Battle of Karbala. The city had initially been bypassed during the rapid advance towards Baghdad, but it needed to be cleared to secure the coalition's supply lines. The 1-327, along with other elements of the 101st Airborne Division, engaged in intense urban combat to secure the city, facing determined resistance from Iraqi irregular forces.
As coalition forces approached Baghdad, the 1-327 played a crucial role in clearing the southern approaches to the capital. The battalion's operations helped to isolate Baghdad and set the conditions for the city's eventual fall. Following the capture of Baghdad, the 1-327 shifted its focus to stability and support operations, working to establish security and assist in the initial stages of rebuilding efforts.
In the post-invasion phase, the 1-327 was tasked with securing and stabilizing areas in northern Iraq. The battalion moved to the city of Mosul, which became the primary base of operations for the 101st Airborne Division. Here, the 1-327 worked alongside other units to maintain order, train Iraqi security forces, and support reconstruction efforts.
During its time in Mosul, the 1-327 conducted numerous operations to counter insurgent activities and maintain stability in the region. These operations included targeted raids against suspected insurgent hideouts, establishing and manning checkpoints, and conducting patrols to maintain a visible presence and gather intelligence.
The 1-327's deployment during Operation Iraqi Freedom I lasted until early 2004 when the battalion returned to Fort Campbell, Kentucky. Throughout this deployment, the soldiers of 1-327 demonstrated remarkable adaptability, transitioning from high-intensity combat operations during the invasion to complex stability and support operations in the post-invasion period. Their efforts contributed significantly to the initial success of coalition forces in overthrowing the regime of Saddam Hussein and establishing the foundations for a new Iraqi government.
Training, Kosovo, and September 11th: 1991 - 2001
Following the Persian Gulf War, the 1st Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment (1-327) returned to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, along with the rest of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault). The battalion's performance during Operation Desert Storm, particularly in establishing Forward Operating Base Cobra, had earned it the Valorous Unit Award and cemented its reputation as an elite fighting force.
In the early 1990s, the 1-327 focused on reintegrating returning soldiers and maintaining combat readiness through rigorous training exercises. The battalion participated in numerous rotations at the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana, and the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California. These exercises allowed the unit to hone its air assault and infantry tactics in realistic combat scenarios.
Throughout the mid-1990s, elements of the 1-327 were involved in various peacekeeping and humanitarian operations. While the battalion as a whole did not deploy, individual companies and soldiers participated in missions supporting operations in Somalia, Haiti, and the Balkans. These deployments provided valuable real-world experience for the battalion's soldiers and helped maintain their operational edge.
In 1994, the 1-327 was part of the 101st Airborne Division's transition to a new force structure known as Force XXI. This reorganization aimed to create a more flexible and technologically advanced fighting force. The battalion adapted to new equipment and tactics, incorporating advanced communications systems and digital technologies into its operations.
The late 1990s saw the 1-327 continue to refine its air assault capabilities and adapt to evolving military doctrines. The battalion participated in numerous division-level exercises, including the annual Week of the Eagles at Fort Campbell, which showcased the 101st Airborne Division's unique capabilities to the public and visiting military officials.
In 1999, elements of the 1-327 deployed to Kosovo as part of Task Force Falcon in support of Operation Joint Guardian. While not the entire battalion, this deployment provided valuable peacekeeping experience for the unit's leadership and soldiers, further enhancing their ability to operate in complex, multinational environments.
As the new millennium approached, the 1-327 continued to maintain a high state of readiness. The battalion conducted regular training exercises focusing on urban warfare, counterinsurgency operations, and rapid deployment capabilities. These skills would prove invaluable in the coming years as the global security landscape evolved.
On September 11, 2001, when terrorist attacks struck the United States, the 1-327, along with the rest of the 101st Airborne Division, was placed on high alert. The battalion began preparations for potential deployment as part of the nation's response to the attacks. This marked the beginning of a new era for the 1-327, as it would soon find itself engaged in the Global War on Terror, facing new challenges and continuing its legacy of service and sacrifice.
Air Assault Transformation and the Persian Gulf War: 1972 - 1991
Following the Vietnam War, the 1st Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment (1-327) returned to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, along with the rest of the 101st Airborne Division in 1972. The battalion underwent a period of reorganization and retraining as the U.S. Army transitioned to an all-volunteer force and adapted to the post-Vietnam era. During this time, the focus shifted to preparing for potential conflicts in Europe against Warsaw Pact forces.
In the mid-1970s, the 101st Airborne Division, including 1-327, began its transformation into an air assault division. This change involved extensive training in helicopter operations, rappelling, and air mobile tactics. The battalion focused on developing and refining these new capabilities, which would become crucial in future operations. Throughout this period, 1-327 participated in numerous training exercises to enhance its readiness and adapt to the new air assault doctrine.
Throughout the 1980s, 1-327 participated in numerous training exercises and deployments to enhance its readiness. These included rotations at the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) and the National Training Center (NTC), where the battalion honed its skills in realistic combat scenarios. The unit also took part in various joint exercises with NATO allies, further improving its interoperability with partner forces.
In 1985, as part of the Army's reorganization, the 1-327 was assigned to the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault). This realignment solidified the battalion's role within the division's structure and further emphasized its air assault capabilities. The battalion continued to refine its tactics and procedures, focusing on rapid deployment and insertion capabilities that would prove crucial in future conflicts.
As tensions in the Middle East escalated in 1990, the 1-327, along with the rest of the 1st Brigade Combat Team (BCT), was deployed to Saudi Arabia as part of Operation Desert Shield. The battalion arrived in theater in September 1990 and immediately began preparing defensive positions north of Tap Line Road, approximately 60 miles south of the Iraq-Saudi Arabia border. During this time, the unit conducted extensive training and acclimation to the harsh desert environment.
When Operation Desert Storm commenced on January 17, 1991, the 1-327 was part of the largest air assault operation in military history. The battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Frank R. Hancock, played a crucial role in establishing Forward Operating Base (FOB) Cobra, approximately 85 miles inside Iraq. This deep penetration into enemy territory showcased the 101st Airborne Division's unique capabilities and the 1-327's readiness to execute complex air assault operations.
From FOB Cobra, the 1-327 conducted various missions to disrupt Iraqi supply lines and communication networks. The battalion's actions helped to isolate Iraqi forces and prevent their retreat, contributing to the swift conclusion of the ground war. Throughout the conflict, the 1-327 demonstrated exceptional mobility and combat effectiveness, leveraging its air assault training to rapidly deploy and engage enemy forces across a wide area of operations.
For its actions during Operation Desert Storm, particularly in the establishment and defense of FOB Cobra, the 1-327 was awarded the Valorous Unit Award. This prestigious decoration recognized the battalion's extraordinary heroism in combat operations against an armed enemy of the United States. The 1-327's performance during the Gulf War further cemented its reputation as an elite fighting force within the U.S. Army and demonstrated the effectiveness of the air assault concept in modern warfare.
Vietnam: 1966 - 1972
In 1966, the 1st Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment (1-327) of the 101st Airborne Division continued its active involvement in the Vietnam War. The year began with Operation Seagull in Ninh Thuan Province, where the battalion conducted extensive sweeping and patrolling operations in jungle regions and treacherous mountains. During Operation Harrison, elements of 1-327 engaged in heavy combat with regulars of the 95th NVA Regiment near the hamlet of My Phu, southwest of Tuy Hoa. The battle demonstrated the battalion's professionalism and tactical prowess, resulting in 118 enemy dead.
In April 1966, 1-327 began Operation Austin VI, conducting spoiling attacks against North Vietnamese Army concentrations along the Cambodian border in Quang Duc Province. On May 10, 1966, the battalion overran and destroyed a large Viet Cong complex, including a provincial headquarters and a prisoner of war camp. This operation was part of a broader effort to blunt a major North Vietnamese offensive to seize the North Central Highlands.
The battalion's actions in 1966 set the stage for its continued involvement in the war. Throughout the conflict, 1-327 participated in numerous combat operations, including the defense against the enemy's Tet Offensive, which began on January 31, 1968[. From May 1968 through February 1969, the 101st Airborne Division, including 1-327, conducted Operation Nevada Eagle, successfully denying the rice crop of Thua Thien province to the enemy.
One of the most notable units within 1-327 was Tiger Force, a long-range reconnaissance patrol unit founded in November 1965. Tiger Force became a highly decorated and legendary unit in the battalion. The unit's parent battalion, including Tiger Force, was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation by President Lyndon B. Johnson in October 1968, which included a mention of their service at Đắk Tô in June 1966.
As the war progressed, the focus of operations began to shift. At the end of 1969, activities turned towards civil affairs and a Pacification Program. This change in strategy reflected the evolving nature of the conflict and the U.S. military's efforts to win the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people.
The 101st Airborne Division, including 1-327, began its return home in the fall of 1971. The division's involvement in Vietnam officially concluded with a welcome ceremony at Fort Campbell on April 6, 1972. Throughout its time in Vietnam, the 101st Airborne Division, including 1-327, fought in 45 operations over nearly seven years, demonstrating extraordinary heroism and sacrifice. The experiences and lessons learned during this period would continue to shape the battalion and the division in the years to come. As a division, the 101st suffered 4,011 KIA and 18,259 WIA, which is over twice the number of soldiers the division lost in World War II.
Training, Korea, and the Start of Vietnam: 1946-1966
After World War II, the 327th Infantry Regiment, including the 1st Battalion (1-327), was inactivated on November 30, 1945. The regiment underwent various redesignations and reactivations between June 1948 and July 1965. During this period, the 1-327 was part of the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, which became a training center at Camp Breckenridge, Kentucky, following the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950.
The 101st Airborne Division, including the 1-327, was reactivated in 1950 to serve as a training center at Camp Breckenridge until it was inactivated again in December 1953. The division did not see combat during the Korean War, focusing instead on training and preparing for future airborne operations.
Despite not participating in combat during the Korean War, the 1-327 continued to undergo reorganizations and redesignations. In 1954, the regiment was reactivated at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and later reorganized and redesignated as the 327th Airborne Infantry in 1956.
The 1-327's role during this period was primarily focused on training and preparing for future airborne operations. The battalion did not see significant action until the Vietnam War, when it was deployed as part of the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, in 1965. The 1-327 would go on to play a crucial role in various combat operations during the Vietnam War, including Operation Austin VI and the Battle of Dak Tan Kan Valley.
Founding through WWII: 1942-1945
It all begins with an idea.
The 101st Airborne Division was activated on August 16, 1942, at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, under the command of Major General William C. Lee. Initially, the division consisted of two glider infantry regiments (GIRs), the 327th and 401st, and one parachute infantry regiment, the 502nd. The division underwent rigorous training at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and later in England, preparing for Operation Overlord, the D-Day invasion of Normandy
On June 6, 1944, the 101st Airborne Division parachuted into Normandy, France, near Utah Beach, with the mission of securing key causeway bridges and clearing the way for the 1st and 4th Infantry Divisions. The 327th Glider Infantry Regiment, part of the 101st Airborne Division, landed on Utah Beach on D-Day+1 and moved to Carentan to cut off the fleeing Germans. Despite high casualties, the regiment successfully captured and held the highway bridge over the Vire-Taute Canal, blocking the eastern escape routes from Carentan
The 101st Airborne Division continued to play a crucial role in the European Theater of Operations, participating in Operation Market Garden in September 1944 and the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944. During the Battle of the Bulge, the 327th Glider Infantry Regiment, specifically the 1st Battalion (1-327), fought bravely in the defense of Bastogne, Belgium, earning the nickname "Bastogne Bulldogs." The regiment took heavy casualties but held their ground, capturing 750 prisoners and destroying 144 tanks and 105 other enemy vehicles.
The 101st Airborne Division's contributions during World War II were significant, and the division earned a reputation as one of the most feared and respected units in the Allied forces. The division's actions in Normandy, Holland, and the Battle of the Bulge were instrumental in the Allied victory. The 1-327 Infantry Regiment's bravery and sacrifice during the Battle of the Bulge were particularly noteworthy, earning the regiment a Presidential Unit Citation and other honors. The 101st Airborne Division was inactivated on November 30, 1945.